Russia and Ukraine say they want to talk about peace so what are the contours of any potential peace deal – and what are the dangers?
Security Guarantees
Ukraine, which was subject to a full-scale invasion in 2022 and saw Russia annex Crimea in 2014, says it needs security guarantees from the major powers – primarily the United States.
It wants more than the 1994 Budapest Memorandum under which Russia, the US and Britain agreed to respect Ukrainian sovereignty and refrain from the use of force against Ukraine. Under that deal, the powers simply promised to go to the United Nations Security Council if Ukraine was attacked.
The problem, say sources involved in the discussions, is that any security guarantee that has teeth would lock the West into a potential future war with Russia – and any security deal without teeth would leave Ukraine exposed.
Under draft proposals for a possible peace settlement seen by Reuters, diplomats spoke of a “robust security guarantee”, including possibly an Article 5-like agreement. Article 5 of the NATO treaty commits allies to defend each other in the event of an attack, though Ukraine is not a member of the alliance.
As part of a failed 2022 deal, Ukraine would have agreed to permanent neutrality in return for security guarantees from the five permanent members of the UN Security Council: Britain, China, France, Russia and the United States, and other nations including Belarus, Canada, Germany, Israel, Poland and Turkey, according to a draft seen by Reuters.
But officials in Kyiv say agreeing to Ukrainian neutrality is a red line they will not cross.
NATO And Neutrality
Russia has repeatedly said that possible NATO membership for Kyiv was a cause of the war, is unacceptable and that Ukraine must be neutral – with no foreign bases. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky has said it is not for Moscow to decide Ukraine’s alliances.
At the 2008 Bucharest summit, NATO leaders agreed that Ukraine and Georgia would one day become members. Ukraine in 2019 amended its constitution, committing to the path of full membership of NATO and the European Union.
US envoy General Keith Kellogg has said NATO membership for Ukraine is “off the table”. President Donald Trump has said past US support for Ukraine’s membership of NATO was a cause of the war.
In 2022, Ukraine and Russia discussed permanent neutrality. Russia wanted limits on the Ukrainian military, according to a copy of a potential agreement reviewed by Reuters. Ukraine staunchly opposes the idea of curbs to the size and capabilities of its armed forces.
Russia has said it has no objections to Ukraine seeking EU membership, though some members of the bloc could oppose Kyiv’s bid.
Territory
Moscow controls about a fifth of Ukraine and says the territory is now formally part of Russia, a position most countries do not accept.
Russia annexed Crimea in 2014. Russian forces control almost all of Luhansk, and more than 70% of Donetsk, Zaporizhzhia and Kherson regions, according to Russian estimates. Russia also controls a sliver of Kharkiv region.
In Vladimir Putin’s most detailed public proposals for peace, outlined in June 2024, he said Ukraine would have to withdraw from the entirety of those regions – so even from areas not currently under Russian control.
Under a draft peace plan crafted by the Trump administration, the US would de jure recognise Russian control of Crimea, and de facto recognise Russian control of Luhansk and parts of Zaporizhzhia, Donetsk and Kherson.
Ukraine would regain territory in Kharkiv region, while the US would control and administer Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant, which is currently controlled by Russia.
Kyiv says that legally recognising Russian sovereignty over occupied areas is out of the question and would violate Ukraine’s constitution, but that territorial matters could be discussed at talks once a ceasefire is in place.
“The major issues here are the regions, the nuclear plant, it’s how the Ukrainians are able to use the Dnieper River and get out to the ocean,” Trump envoy Steve Witkoff told Breitbart News last week.